AIDS: Impacts Escalate From Families to the World

The world always poses innumerable threats to humankind’s health and well being. Famine, flood, earthquakes, war, terrorism, epidemics and natural disasters riddle our lives with tragedy. One of the most terrifying of these killers remains silent and unseen even though it may lurk beneath the very skin of those individuals you cherish most.This terrifying phenomenon has traveled throughout the world and has settled into even the most prosperous nations. Medical advancements, educational programs and government policies have not had success in subduing the spread of this biological executioner. For over three decades, the AIDS virus has run rampant across the globe.As time goes on we see more infections and fewer solutions to the ongoing problems this virus leaves in its wake. The AIDS virus has caused a great deal of substantial and devastating impacts worldwide. To better understand those impacts, a review of the virus and its capabilities will reveal just what a powerful inf ection this microorganism causes.At first, the AIDS virus appears harmless. It does not bring about immediate impending death or even directly harsh and noticeable symptoms. Unlike that of the dreaded avian bird flu virus which killed several people in Asia with in a matter of days, the AIDS virus can afflict a body for over a decade before death ensues.This happens as a result of the immune deficiency that AIDS causes in a body. The virus itself would not bring about mortality, but for the fact that hampers its host’s immune system, leaving the person susceptible to contracting other illnesses and disease. Chronic illnesses can last for years, can reoccur constantly, and finally can destroy the AIDS afflicted individual once their immune system has broken down to the point of no survival.In this respect unlike other infections AIDS slowly kills its host, and during that slow period of transition can render a person completely incapacitated with other illnesses. This aspect o f the disease has just as much impact on the world as the impending deaths that follow.The AIDS virus transmits itself through contact with body fluids. This means, blood, semen, saliva and other body fluids have the potential to infect others. Unprotected sexual intercourse has most often received the blame for transmission, or perhaps most often gets popular media coverage.Similarly, AIDS transmission also occurs like wildfire among drug users who contract the virus using contaminated hypodermic needles. Sadly enough, cases in which a mistaken blood transfusion held the virus has also caused infection. AIDS also passes from mother to unborn child. So if the mother incurs the infection prior to giving birth, her child will likely have HIV as well.Unfortunately the threat of contracting AIDS increasingly impacts the world as lack of funding and education lead to misinformed populations.While there exist medical treatments for individuals afflicted with AIDS, the treatments only subd ue the symptoms of the virus for a time rather than eradicate the illness completely.The medical world has had considerable trouble controlling the AIDS virus and formulating a vaccine for it because of, â€Å"the ability of a virus to change its genetic structure, which, in turn, changes the very proteins in the envelope that would be targeted by a vaccine.Exactly why some viruses shift so drastically and the AIDS virus seems to be able to change its colors as fast as the classic chameleon of the viral world, the flu virus — is unclear† (Langone 150).As the previous statement explains, the rapidly mutating virus makes it nearly impossible to replicate the correct variables for an effective antibody. This impacts the world leaving the medical field at a loss for answers and people at a loss for cures.More personally, the AIDS virus impacts families around the world. When men of the family incur the virus, they most likely will unknowingly transmit it to their wives as well. Men, who act as the predominant financial supporters of the household find their health and their ability to provide for their loved ones failing.When the patriarch cannot work and bring home finances the family may find itself sliding into poverty. Especially if healthcare providers learn of the man’s illness and refuses to pay the vastly incremental costs that the malady can accrue over time.So, as the men of families contract and struggle with the affliction, the rest of the family feels the impact and later as we shall see so does the rest of the world.Women feel just as much impact from the AIDS virus and possibly more. If their husbands have unknowingly contracted the virus, chances are that wives will then incur the infection from their spouses. In some cases women in this situation may conceive children which will also have the virus upon birth. Women feel a great impact from the AIDS virus since they act as the primary caregivers of the family.Time spent at hom e caring for an ailing husband leaves them unable to find financially productive jobs in the community (â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†). Mothers afflicted by the AIDS virus will eventually fade like their husbands, and in doing so leave their unaffected children as orphans. The impact of AIDS in this regard has a devastating impact on the individual families as well as the world.Similarly, as mentioned above, children can feel the most severe impact of AIDS in their lives. As parents weaken and families fall deeper into poverty, children find themselves without care givers and the basic needs for food, shelter and safety go unfulfilled. If the children have contracted AIDS from their parents upon birth, they too face the impending doom as the virus ravages their immune system.Over all the effect on children can be seen as, â€Å"AIDS is decimating entire generations of productive young adults, while leaving behind a huge cohort of children withou t parents and adequate community support, vulnerable to exploitation and lacking education and livelihood opportunities† (â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†). This impact of AIDS on children has impounding world wide impacts as will later be discussed.Lastly, elders in the family who have not contracted the AIDS virus also feel the impact as the affliction ravages younger family members. Grandparents must often take in their orphaned grandchildren. If the elders have lost their health and capabilities, they often depend on the help and financial support of their children.With AIDS destroying their offspring, it also destroys their caregivers and financial support for health and medical needs as well. In this respect, AIDS impacts both ends of the age spectrum, both the very young and the elderly. All of these familial impacts have been felt by humans worldwide.In relation, we have seen how the AIDS virus tears apart families and impacts all pers ons of the family. These impacts further compound from individual families, eventually reaching out and affecting entire populations. The mortality rates of AIDS affect areas obviously increase. As both young children and adults die from their AIDS induced illnesses.Also, the average life expectancy of individuals drops drastically in these populations, due to the fact that AIDS transmission most often occurs in children and young adults. As stated by the article, On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, â€Å"AIDS kills people mostly in the 15-49 year age group.†This age range of incurred infection leads to a drop in years of life as younger people die of the virus well before the normal projection of life expectancy. For example, â€Å"By 2005-2010, average life expectancy at birth in the 11 worst affected countries is projected to decrease to 44 years. instead of rising to 61 years as projected in the absence of the disease† (â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†).  Lastly, due to the fact that AIDS affects persons in their reproductive years, a decrease in child bearing ensues, leading to population decline in afflicted nations around the world.Over all the AIDS virus has caused a great deal of substantial and devastating impacts worldwide. Men, who act as the financial backbone of the families fall ill and can no longer provide for their families needs. The women often spend time caring for their ailing husbands rather than obtaining jobs for needed income.The women and children can also unknowingly incur infection from the men of the family. Children and elders who are not affected find themselves without care givers and financial supporters. All of this adds up to leave nations around the world with increased mortality rates, lower life expectancy rates and fewer birthrates.Also of importance to note are the economic impacts felt around the world as labor force declines the individuals affected c an no longer work. Families as well as nations slide into poverty when they cannot produce the food or materials needed due to lack of human resources.

Energy Drinks Research Essay

Many energy drinks are found in the market and many people are consuming them without knowing the bad effects on their health, having the misconception that they help in enhancing and boosting the body energy. Ingredients: Other than the caffeine and carbohydrates energy drinks contain: B vitamins: Energy drinks contain B vitamins that exceed the daily-recommended amounts. Gingko: German pharmacological studies suggest that this herb increases blood flow to the brain and may be effective in treating depression and short-term memory loss. Guarana: An herbal stimulant popular in Brazil. The reason guarana is so stimulating is that it contains two to three times the caffeine of coffee. Carnitine: A compound generally found in animal foods that’s theorized to enhance fat burning and improve endurance performance. Mechanism: Energy drinks cause many things that include: Insomnia and alertness: Most energy drinks contain caffeine and herbal stimulants that stimulate the central nervous system, giving a sense of alertness. This stimulation can cause a person who is sleepy to wake up. However, it can also prevent a person desiring to sleep from dozing off. In addition, the caffeine in energy drinks blocks the effects of adenosine, a chemical in the brain involved in sleep. This in turn activates neurons in the brain as though there were an emergency, often preventing sleep and causing insomnia. Increased heart rate: When caffeine blocks adenosine and the neurons are activated, the pituitary gland releases adrenaline. This hormone makes the heart beat faster and consuming the large dosage of caffeine found in energy drinks can lead to high blood pressure and heart palpitations. Increased blood sugar: When adrenaline is released into the system, this causes the liver to release extra sugar in to the bloodstream for energy. In addition, energy drinks contain high amounts of sugar, which can be digested easily and also used as a quick source of energy. When consumed, the body experiences a sugar high then often crashes. The sugar enters the bloodstream, provides a blast of energy and when the sugar is burned up, 30 to 45 minutes later, the body usually experiences a sugar crash. At this time feelings of dizziness, slowed reflexes and decreased performance may occur. Dehydration: Caffeine is a diuretic or a substance, which causes urination. The caffeine in energy drinks causes the kidneys to move extra fluid into the urine, which can lead to dehydration if done while sweating during exercise. The high levels of sugar in energy drinks slow the absorption of water that dilutes the sugar in the bloodstream, enhancing dehydration. Also, consuming a drink with a high sugar concentration before an athletic performance can cause gastric distress and diarrhea, resulting in dehydration. Energy: Most energy drinks contain large amounts of caffeine, which can provide a temporary energy boost. Some energy drinks contain sugar and other substances. The boost is short-lived, however, and may be accompanied by other problems. Side Effects: Energy drinks can cause inflammation in the stomach; bleeding and ulcerations in the duodenum. While consuming energy drinks alone will not damage your liver immediately, prolonged consumption of certain ingredients in popular energy drinks may have ill long-term effects on your liver. For example, many energy drinks contain herbal concentrate products like kava kava or taurine. An overabundance of either of these herbal supplements can lead to liver damage or liver failure. For example, consuming large amounts of taurine may lead to complications in individuals with type-2 diabetes. Caffeine and Guarana affect the adenosine receptors in the brain. Caffeine also cause dopamine to be released in greater amounts which makes you feel more alert and energetic and happy though it does not provide any energy. Resources: http://www. deseretnews. com/article/635202412/What-ingredients-do-energy-drinks-have. html? pg=all http://www. ehow. com/about_5256218_do-energy-drinks-affect-body. html Books: â€Å"The Nutrition Bible,† by Jean Anderson.

The Impact of Globalization on Economic Injustices towards Women Essay

The Impact of Globalization on Economic Injustices towards Women - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Lisa Lowe believes that the Utopia and dystopian narrative of gender and sexuality address how women of color provide an ideology of liberal formation which advocates for equal rights between male and female sex. She thinks that utopia has played an important role in campaigning for women's rights in the present and during the cold war. She argues that utopia, though contradicting to dystopia, was responsible for the mass movement of women's rights which saw to the intervention of the liberal state in the United States and protected the rights of minority and women who came from different races. She echoes that despite the difficulty that was experienced by women at the time, they emerged and took over roles which were male dominated and thus defined the element of freedom, capitalism, and globality. Moreover, she argues that Utopia was responsible for the scientific revolution that unleashed innovative power for both men and women ali ke. New communication approaches came up as a result and aggregation of opinions made it possible for women to be heard in the society. Her contributions in the field are immense as she contributed towards significant and transformative of Asian American studies, therefore, enabling the current and future generation to understand the past histories and critique the past issues that affected women and are still being practiced currently. Glenn was valuable in opposing theories and ideologies that encouraged the discrimination of women and greatly contributed towards the intersection analysis of power and sexuality to free women from men bondage. Her ideologies were against liberal feminism and global feminism, but she advocated for a society where women’s could be men’s equal. She was among the scholars who took the three move off in scripting women in the book of rhetoric. She also highlighted the different issues which were affecting women and criticized the issues, t herefore, creating awareness in the field of gender studies. She drew feminist scholars from other disciplines and composed in several of her works of how women were men’s equal thus changing the contemporary society’s view of women. She highlights the different discriminative acts that were being perpetrated against women like the battle against birth control, the contraception coverage debate and the intensifying attacks on choices made by women. Her struggles contributed towards the change of women's status in the society over the years as the issues were taken into consideration and the status of women changed. Saskia Sassen argued that globalization played a major role in contributing to the sovereignty of countries. She states that women are affected by the sovereignty which is being unbounded by different economic practices within a country. She notes that women are still secluded from major economic practices and this affects how they are being treated and look ed upon by men who are their equals in the society. She develops a feminist analytics of globalization and states that for development to be achieved in all sectors, the economic conditions of men and women should be considered alike and business should be shunned away from the process. Moreover, she campaigned using the feminist analytics that taking women’s perspective into consideration allows for strategic instantiations of tendering that promotes development in all major economic areas within the society. According to Mendoza, there are many dimensions of transnational and women of color feminist theoretical perspective contributing to the new the new gender analyses of a globalizing economy and economic injustices as mentioned by women scholars. Feminist geography is among the factors affecting gender and feminist perspectives of women.

Using international relations theories to explain why the Falkland Essay

Using international relations theories to explain why the Falkland Island war of 1982 was a lie to the people of Argentina - Essay Example s at home, the Argentinian leadership decided to invade Falkland Island which the British government had claimed ownership in 1833, thus leading to war. This paper will discuss the major causes of the war in relation to international relation theories. In addition, the paper will discuss why the war remained a lie for the face of Argentine population. The Argentines believed that the British stole their islands, and hence there was a need to claim back their land. This is what the citizens had been taught in school and saw Britons guarding the islands as enemies. This bred a sense of patriotism and the zeal to support the government in case of war as part of fulfilling their national duty (Grove, 2005). This cultural belief is supported by the constructivism theory of international relations which is behavior based. However, in reality, the Britons living 200 miles off their coast were by no means a threat to the Argentines. Their lives had been made worse by their own government which did not care much about their welfare. Argentina was in search for an opportunity to fulfill its mission with no success. However, while one of its local merchants got a contract to clear off scrap on South Georgia Island. The idea of protecting the islands came after the merchant was denied access to the scrap site by the UK Navy personnel manning the island. He was required to get a work permit from the United Kingdom’s Embassy at Buenos Aeries (Kiney, 1989). The army got a chance for access to the island in the pretext of protecting the scrap dealer and raised the flag on the island. In a span of eight days, the Argentina leader had ordered for a full military occupation on other islands. According to an agreement signed in 1771 between Britain and Spain, Britain had reserved rights to the Islands even though it had vacated the islands in 1774 (Kiney, 1989). After Spain’s withdrawal in 1811, the land remained without any occupation until 1816. Before the colonization of

Effects of science on the environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effects of science on the environment - Essay Example Science has introduced various forms of environmental pollutions. The thesis of my research attempt is to look into the relationship between science and environment and analyze this relationship to be able to conclude whether or not science harms the environment. Modern environmental pollution is attributed to burning of fossil fuels, which is used to run industries and increase in industries. It is also attributed to transport of raw materials and machines. One of the principal environmental concerns is the conduct of oil industries and the multinational companies in the oil producing area. The oil industry is involved in a number of activities that lead to direct environmental pollution. These activities range from exploration, refining, production and transportation. These activities have lead to both social and ecological disturbances. Pollution from pipeline oil leaks and seismic surveys that cause explosions are some of the negative effects of the science on environment. Most o f the scientific wastes are none biodegradable. Offshore drilling oil leaks, flaring refinery effluents and drilling floods are known to cause terrible negative impact on the environment. This has resulted in land alienation and extreme disruption of natural terrain due to oil exploration and oil drilling. Oil related infrastructure and installations are known to cause deforestation which leads to desertification (Molina and Zaelke, 5). Most of The oil exploration and drilling activities happen on virgin land with natural vegetation causes significant changes in the natural ecosystem. Gas flaring has been having tremendous environmental impact from these multinational companies. According to World Bank, gas flaring had contributed greenhouse gases on the atmosphere of the earth than any other source by 2002. Moreover, these gases are not used as fuel. According to a research done in 2010, over 191 billion cubic feet of the gases produced at the time, 145 billion cubic feet were flar ed. All this happened at the detriment of the environment. Gas flaring is known to contribute to climate change, which is one of the biggest global threats in the world today. Climate change is said to cause skin cancer, food insecurity and other significant diseases. Climatic changes and extreme weather conditions like El Nino are said to cause a rise in the cost of living directly or indirectly. Gas flares are known to contain toxins like benzene. This means that rain water becomes contaminated (EPA, 9). They pollute the air leading to respiratory challenges and health conditions like bronchitis and asthma. Science has been causing environmental degradation. Gas flaring has led to alteration of vegetation and destruction of soil nutrients due to the presence of chemicals in the rain water (Hester and Harrison, 87). Scientific activities continue to pump destructive gases into the ozone layer leading to depletion of the ozone layer. This has had an adverse effect on cultivation whi ch is a source of livelihood for mankind (Molina and Zaelke, 5). Places, which were fertile, are now covered with stubborn grasses and natural vegetation has been replaced by emerging resistant species. Intense heat, which has resulted from these flared gases, has caused the vegetation in affected areas to become extinct. The destruction brought by science is gradual and possible that is why the impacts caught the world unawares. The world has become to appreciate the

Marketing , advertising and sales promotion FINAL Assignment

Marketing , advertising and sales promotion FINAL - Assignment Example On the other hand, sales promotion relies on value added offers which may be discounted, demonstrations, exhibitions, contests, trade shows, giveaways and points of sale displays in a bid to appeal customers to make purchases. Contrary to advertising, sales promotion is short term, direct and leads to the increase of sales I a short time (Schmitt, 2011). Therefore, sales promotion proves to be more effective in a shorter period of time. The customer is the most important person involved with any company because all the products and services are targeted to the customer. Notably, there is no business without a customer (Schmitt, 2011). Demographics denote social, economic features used to define a population, especially in statistics. This includes age, sex, income level, marital status, religion, occupation, birth rate, death rate, educational level, family size and average age at marriage (Schmitt, 2011). a) Advertising uses an emotional appeal which targets to convey a message that will be remembered for a long time while sales promotion is an emotional approach used in appealing customers to make immediate purchases. Vertical marketing refers to marketing that targets a certain industry on target markets and addresses their specialized needs (Schmitt, 2011). This form of marketing focuses on a single niche and not a broad market. Public Relations is important to any organization as it serves to build a desirable reputation for the organization. Moreover, it ensures that customers have a good perception concerning the organization. Therefore, Public Relations is critical in maintaining customers and may also serve to bring new customers to the business who are recommended by the existing customers (Hoffman & Bateson, 2009). Secondary data denotes data gathered for other purposes and not for addressing the research topic. In marketing research, secondary data is used in the selection of markets that

Renewable energy source Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Renewable energy source - Essay Example Passive solar methods consist of orienting a building to the sun, selecting materials with positive heat mass or mild scattering qualities, and developing areas that normally clear of the flow of air. Solar energy is the transformation of light from the sun into power either by photovoltaics (PV), or ultimately using focused solar (CSP). Concentrated solar techniques use contacts or showcases and monitoring techniques to focus a large area of sunshine into a small ray. Commercial focus on solar plants was first developed in the 1980s. Photovoltaics turn mild into electricity using the photoelectric effect. Photovoltaics is an important and relatively affordable energy source where lines energy is affordable to link, or simply not available. However, as the cost of solar power is dropping, solar is also progressively used in grid-connected situations to nourish low-carbon energy into the lines. The development of affordable, endless and clean solar energy technological innovation will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through dependency on natural, endless and mostly import-independent resource, improve durability, reduce contamination, reduced the expenses of mitigating international warming, and keep non-renewable energy prices reduced than otherwise (Tiwari &Â  Mishra 78). These advantages are international. Hence the additional expenses of the rewards for early implementation should be considered learning investments; they must be smartly spent and need to be widely

Time Value of Money Calculations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time Value of Money Calculations - Assignment Example Capital budgeting decisions are based on an evaluation of the cash flows expected from investing in a specific project (Emery et al 2007). Projects are evaluated using methods such as: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period (described as simple payback) and discounted payback period. These methods can assist management in deciding which project among a set of options yields the best return or whether a particular project should be undertaken. The NPV is the net balance of the initial investment after deducting future cash flows at present values. The implication of a negative NPV indicates the failure of the project to generate enough funds to pay up the initial investments as well as to facilitate some returns to shareholders. Information contained in the Appendix indicates that the project has a positive NPV of $16,692. This implies that the project would be beneficial to the organization The IRR is the discount rate that equates the present value of a project’s cash flows with the cost of the project (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2005). This occurs when NPV is equal to Zero (0). If used appropriately it is a valuable tool in the selection of projects (Hazen 2003). The IRR of the Server Update project is 10.13 per cent. This is 2.13 per cent above the organization’s cost of capital and therefore offers a positive return to shareholders. See Appendix 1 for the solution. According to Brigham and Ehrhardt (2005) the simple payback period indicates the time period over which the project recovers the initial investment. In performing the calculations the annual cash flows are set off against the initial outflow until there is a positive balance. Investments with long payback periods are considered to be risky compared to those with relatively short payback periods and so this method has a bias for short term projects. Additionally, the simple payback method does not take into account the time value of money since it

Leasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leasing - Essay Example This is a long term purchase where the price value should be substantially lower than the market value which determines the amount to be recorded. c. During the first year of the lease, Lani is expected to incur expenses that equals or exceeds at least 90 per cent of the fair value of the property that is leased. Basically, these expenses are determined by the value of the property at inception of the lease and this value is agreed by both the lessee and lessor. d. Lani should report the lease transaction on its December 31, 2006, balance sheet as an acquisition of an asset. Virtually, a lease agreement transfers ownership of property to the lessee and this should be reflected on the balance sheet as purchase of assets which adds property value to the company. 2a. The criteria that must be met by Doherty Company to classify it as a capital lease is that it must transfer substantially all of the benefits and risks of the ownership of property to the lessee. If the agreement transfers the property rights to the lessee, then it will be classified as a capital leases given that it will be an acquisition of the property by the lessee. In this particular case, Doherty Company should transfer ownership to the lessee in order for it to classify it as a capital lease. b. In order for Lambert Company to classify the lease as a sales-type, it must be able to realise a profit from the lease or be able to determine if it is making a loss. In actual fact, Lambert Company as the lessor must be better positioned to generate some revenue that can contribute to the profit margins of the organisation. Lambert Company can classify this lease as direct financing lease if it does not record any profit from the lease. It will be widely viewed as a lending institution. c. The main difference between a sales type lease and a direct financing lease is that the main reason behind a sales lease is to realise profits while direct financing is not primarily concerned with profits but just r evenue generation. Therefore, the purpose of the lease and the goals to be achieved are the major factors that make a distinction between the two. However, accounting steps for these two types of leases are just the same. Part 2 During the contemporary period, it can be noted that companies continue to acquire property to improve their operations. Leasing is an alternative means of acquiring long-term assets to be used by business firms (Schroeder, Clark & Cathey, 2005). Leases provide for the right for use of the property by the lessees since they are given the obligation to make a series of payments over a long period of time. As such, leases are similar to long-term debt which enables the lessee to utilise off-balance sheet financing. This paper therefore is mainly concerned with explaining the meaning of debt and equity financing in relation to lease verses purchase options. According to wisegeek, â€Å"debt financing is a way of raising some funds to generate working capital f or the organisation which can be used to fund special projects.† In this regard, the issuer may issue bonds or other debt instruments that can be used as a means of financing the debt associated with the project. Debt financing has a clear start and end

Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rule of Law - Essay Example This, however, is by no means of recent vintage. In fact, the Rule of Law has a long, rich and colorful history. Joseph Raz, one of the foremost legal thinkers of his time and a firm proponent of the Rule of Law in his seminal work "The Rule of Law and its Virtue" in 1977, may trace the roots of his theory to generations upon generations of legal thinkers, all of whom have made unique contributions to the principle of the Rule of Law. Principles of justice and ethics and virtue underlie much of the discussion on the Rule of Law. Illustrative of the wide range of ideas covering these principles is Plato and Machiavelli, albeit of different times. Platonic philosophy is hinged on moral virtue as practiced by just rulers. Man served the State and hence, ethics and politics were the same. This is to be contradistinguished with Machiavellian principles, which states that the State should serve the people. That is its whole reason for being. Under Machiavelli's concept, a ruler is justified in doing whatever needs to be done to maintain the country, even if his actions may be deemed unjust. " This is a complete opposite of the Platonic model which argues that a ruler may never be unjust. It is immoral and unethical, maintains Plato, for a ruler to rule solely by might. On his part, the great thinker Cicero maintains that there was no distinction between that which was morally good and what was useful to man. To quote f rom Cicero, "Virtue is a habit of the mind, consistent with nature and moderation and reason." [Rhetorical Invention (bk. II, sc. LIII)] Much of this has been influenced by Platonic philosophy which is hinged on moral virtue as practiced by just rulers. As such, the concept of government and duty has underlain much of ancient law and has aided the people of the time in charting their destiny Indeed, the broadest theme in the current conception of the rule of law is that the government restricted by law. This is consistent with the idea of the Rule of Law propounded by A.V. Dicey in his book "Introduction to the Study of Law of the Constitution" (1885). Dicey posited the following propositions. Firstly, no man could be punished or lawfully interfered with by the authorities except for breaches of law. In other words, all government actions must be authorised by law. Secondly, no man is above the law and everyone, regardless of rank, is subject to the ordinary laws of the land. Thirdly, there is no need for a bill of rights because the general principle of the constitution is the result of judicial decisions determining the rights of the private person. Joseph Raz, on the other hand, espouses eight guiding principles for the rule of law. 1. All laws should be prospective, open and clear; 2. Laws should be relatively stable; 3. The making of particular laws must be guided by open, stable, clear and general rules; 4. The independence of the judiciary must be guaranteed; 5. The principles of natural justice must be observed; 6. The courts should have review powers; 7. The courts should be easily accessible; and 8. The discretion of crime prevention agencies should not be allowed to pervert the law. Indeed, there is much that should be lauded with Raz' principles of the law inasmuch as

United States Ambassador’s Speech to the United Nations Essay Example for Free

United States Ambassador’s Speech to the United Nations Essay Ladies and gentlemen and citizens of the world, my name is Susan Rice and I am honored to speak to you today. Our countries, which all embrace the United Nations’ quest for worldwide peace and stability, face many challenges that we can and must solve together. My nation, the United States of America, is prepared and determined to act constructively, responsibly and morally to contribute toward the realization of our shared goals. The United States of America has recently chosen a new and hopeful president who has bold, optimistic, and pragmatic ideas for his country and for our world. I am fortunate and privileged to have known and worked closely with Mr. Obama for the last several years, and I am honored that he nominated me for this post within this eminent organization. Working closely with all of you, I will strive to reflect and embody our country’s renewed principles of fairness, justice, respect for human rights, and love of freedom. Our individual homelands and our world as a whole face daunting challenges as we gather here today. Economic turmoil, security threats, political instability and human rights violations weigh on all our minds and on the minds of our respective countrymen. Let me assure each of you, and the people of your country by extension, that we are intent on charting a hopeful new path that will benefit us all. The United States is proud of our history of doing what’s right for our country and for the world of peace-loving nations as a whole. We believe that the vast majority of our actions over our more than 200 years have been just and beneficial for the free world. However, we know that our record is not perfect. Our new administration is committed to righting recent wrongs and working with our United Nations counterparts to face and conquer the issues and challenges that confront us today. I want to lay out some broad concerns and objectives that we believe must be addressed and confronted for the benefit of all our nations. Let me quote our United Nations charter. It â€Å"gives the Security Council primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security† (United Nations, 2009). As we all know, that objective is never easy to attain. As a permanent member of the Security Council, the United States holds a precious and weighty leadership role in helping to keep our world safe from those elements and regimes that plot every day against freedom and its enduring principles. We steadfastly and clearly say to those rogue elements that our nation and our allies cannot afford and will not allow your efforts to succeed. This body has the obligation and the ability to impose sanctions on those countries and factions that are intent on assailing peace and freedom. Within that framework for peace and worldwide security, the cessation of nuclear proliferation will continue to be an unyielding quest. We will strive to lower the number of nuclear weapons that exist across the world and we will tirelessly seek to thwart the development and deployment of nuclear warhead delivery systems. More specifically, let me address another security issue that threatens all our countries, directly or indirectly. Political instability is a major problem within many countries, particularly those who are engaged with us today, on their soil, in the fight against terrorism. Let me quote Mr. Obama directly as he engages our enemies of freedom. Our president stated yesterday â€Å"Let me be clear: Al-Qaida and its allies†¦are in Pakistan and Afghanistan and we have a clear and focused goal to disrupt, dismantle and defeat (them)† (C-Span, 2009). In that vein, let me also assure each of your nations that our country will not engage in cruel or tortuous practices on any of the combatants that we capture and detain. Let me close by stating that United States foreign policy goals are consistent and congruent with the stated goals of the United Nations. We are honored, one nation in a sea of many, to contribute to the well-being and security of our world. References C-SPAN. (2009, March 27). C-span. org. United Nations. (2009, March). un. org.

The Doom of the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The Doom of the American Dream Essay The United States in the 1960’s was going through hard events. Many things happened in this decade like The Vietnam War, that was going on for a while and it affected most people in the U. S. The Cold War was also going on, but people were mostly worried about the Vietnam War. Pres John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy where assassinated in the 1960’s. Martin Luther King was also assassinated, and the whole country went on chaos. The baby boom’s 70 million children became teenagers and young adults in this decade. The Civil Rights Act was amended to include females. So many things were happening, but the main problem going on was the addiction with drugs and alcohol. There are many literature works coming from this decade, and all reflects to what was going on in that time, like the book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream written by Hunter S. Thompson. Hunter talks about his journey to Las Vegas and it reflects what was going on in the country. The United States in the 1960’s was falling apart is what is being present in Hunter’s book. Hunter S. Thompson believed he had the talent to become a writer and he wrote every day. He was really upset by the death of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy because he really believed in them and he called them his guys. After he was in the Chicago’s Democratic Convention where he saw people getting beat, he had the idea that the American Dream was vanishing. He had no time to think about writing this idea of the American Dream because he decided to run for Sheriff of Pitkin County, Colorado, his campaign adopted the name of the Freak Power. He lost the election and then he really knew that the American Dream was dead, at least that is what he thought. A while later he had to go to Las Vegas to cover the Mint 40, a motorcycle race. Hunter spent some time in Las Vegas as he discovered that the heart of the American Dream happened to be there, and he went on the search for it. The idea he had about this is what the book it’s all about, the subtitle says it all â€Å"A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. † Hunter’s book is in the category of nonfiction/journalism. The book goes in chronological order with all the events that happened while Hunter was in Las Vegas. In his book he starts by going to the Mint 40, and all his crazy adventures with drugs and alcohol. He disobeyed all the laws he could think of, and he was in constant paranoid. This was a good thing because it reflected how bad the country status was. After all the trouble he causes he wants to leave, but he stayed to cover a Drug Convention in a hotel in Las Vegas. After the Drug Convention, and before leaving, he went on the hunt for the American Dream. He stops at a fast food restaurant where he asks where he can find the American Dream and he is sent to an old Psychiatrist’s Club â€Å"The owner of a gas station across the road said the place had ‘burned down about three years ago. ’† This only proves that the American Dream is dead, even if it was just a causality that he was sent to that particular place. At the end he lives Las Vegas and ends somewhere else to keep living his life. There are many characteristics that express this period of time 1960’s their people and places; one of them is no rules, out of control. There are many examples in the book to prove this right like drugs, alcohol, guns, and leaving the hotels without paying, all over the book. It all starts in the beginning of the book where he starts talking about all the drugs that they got for their trip to Las Vegas, â€Å"Getting hold of the drugs had been no problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12) On one of his flashbacks he remembered a night in San Francisco, â€Å"’All this white stuff on my sleeve is LSD. ’ He said nothing. Merely grabbed my arm and began sucking on it. †(66) it’s really crazy to know that this really happened. When he was trying to leave Las Vegas for the first time, he end up with a gun and start to think what he would say if he gets caught with it, â€Å"A good. 357 is a hard thing to get, these days. So I figured, well, just get this bugger back Malibu, and it’s mine. My risk—my gun: it made perfect sense. †(71) Things like these happened throughout the book and it got worse and worse, like the time where he tried this new drug and took too much of it even when his attorney told him not to, he was paralyzed for a while, â€Å"You took too much. You’re about to explode. Jesus, look at your face! †(133) These kind of problems with drugs, not only happened to Hunter because it was also on the news he read and wrote in his book, â€Å"Doctors said Friday they were uncertain whether surgery would succeed in restoring the eyesight of a young man who pulled out his eyes while suffering the effects of a drug overdose in a jail cell. † (101) Another example for this characteristic is the fact that they stayed at two different hotels in Las Vegas without money. In both hotels they left without paying, but first they destroyed the room; â€Å"We had ordered everything into that room that human hands could carry—including about six hundred bard of translucent Neutrogena soap. † (70) When he tried to leave the first hotel he was freaking out, while waiting for the carboy to arrive â€Å"The Shark! Where was it? I tossed the paper aside and began to pace. Losing control. I felt my whole act slipping†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (75) On the second hotel he did the same thing, he lied to get away by saying he was a Doctor of Journalism. A second characteristic is the lost generation. The first young adult they met appears at the beginning of the book they never got his name, but they called him hitchhiker. The hitchhiker got in the car and kept quiet as he listened to all the nonsense from Hunters and his attorney, a couple of miles later he decided to run away, â€Å"His feet hit the asphalt abnd he started running back towards Baker. Out in the middle of the desert, not a tree in sight. † (19) The second young adult they met in this trip was Lucy. A young girl that Hunter’s attorney met on the plane to Las Vegas and gave her drugs, then took advantage of her; â€Å"She’s running away from home for something like the fifth time in six months. †(114) They knew what they did was bad and they tried to get rid of Lucy. What were two young adults doing away from home like the hitchhiker and Lucy? This only shows that parents didn’t have the control on their kids, mainly on young adults that run away searching for something only they know or at least hope to find. Another characteristic is paranoid and fear, this is in several pages just like the drugs and alcohol. They knew they were breaking the law, even though they didn’t care they were still afraid of getting caught. Like when they tried to get rid of Lucy as soon as possible, he thought of all the things that could happen to him, â€Å"What would happen to this poor wretch when we cut her loose? Jail? White slavery? † (117) He got really nervous when Lucy called their room after they thought they got rid of her, he imagined being in court and that they would all believe the innocent Lucy. Or when they left the first hotel and Hunter was afraid of being followed, â€Å"BOOM, Flashing paranoia. What kind of rat-bastard psychotic would play that son—right not, at this moment? Has somebody followed me here? † (85) Lastly power seeking, all authority figures and trying to be someone important is a strong characteristic in the book. Like a man that even though he was a police officer he didn’t get the respect he wanted, when Hunter arrived the hotel and got his room everybody where astonished. â€Å"They were stupid with shock. Here they were arguing with every piece of leverage they could command, for a room they’d already paid for—and suddenly their whole act gets side-swiped by some crusty drifter who lloks like something out of an upper-Michigan hobo jungle. † (108) Also, through the book Hunter would use identities that weren’t his, like Doctor of Journalism, police officer, or that they were undercover detectives, all to just get away with what they wanted. Even at the end to get drugs, â€Å"I jerked out my wallet and let her see the police badge while I flipped through the deck until I located my Ecclesiastical Discount Card—which identifies me as a Doctor of Divinity, a certified Minister of the Church of the New Truth. † (203) this part is a little ironic because of what it says and what he is trying to get with it. The United States being presented in Hunter’s work is really unbelievable; at least it is compared to now in the year 2008. In the book all the people were divided in two, the good guys and the bad guys. But the good guys were ten years behind the bad guys and of what they are trying to stop, â€Å"†¦and all I learned was that the National District Attorneys’ Association is about ten years behind the grim truth and harsh kinetic realities of what they have only just recently learned to call â€Å"the Drug Culture† in this foul year of Our Lord, 1971. †(201) He good guys are going to take a really long time to stop this and there’s nothing they can do, just like in the essay â€Å"Drugs† by Gore Vidal, is hard to stop something like drug addiction that has been going on for quite a time. Another essay like â€Å"Cultural Critique† by Anthony Burgess, a foreign man that spend some time in the United States and wrote this essay saying how bad was the U. S. he noticed that the country is in a bad shape, but what I like about this essay and what I agree with is that the country is still young and growing up because it is being reflect now almost 50 years later. After all the time of confusion and chaos there finally a little peace today, except for the war in Iraq. Maybe we have learned from our past mistakes because even though drug is a big thing today too, I feel it is not as bad as it used to be before. I see the 1960’s as a bad decade, but also fun at the same time because the country being so young it was easy to get away with anything; not like today that you get caught for anything. I wish I could have lived in that decade because I would have had fun, not with drugs, but with not paying hotel bill and driving nice cars. I could have been anything like a police officer and nobody would have notice I’m lying. Also, even thought the book reflects the American Dream dead, for me and many others think otherwise now-a-days with our new future president being elected, Obama. Obama represent hope in times like these that reflects a little what was going on in the 1960’s, hope that everything will get better, the hope that its retaining young adults from confusion. A president that is half African-American, it reflects that also racism is being left begin. Hopefully the 1960’s will be more than a bad/fun decade, because we have to learn from our mistakes like we have been doing, â€Å"a generation of permanent cripples, failed seekers, who never understood the essential old-mystic fallacy of the Acid-Culture: the desperate assumption that somebody—or at least some foce—is tending that Light at the end of the tunnel.

Effect of Tulsi and Neem Extract on Mosquito Larvae

Effect of Tulsi and Neem Extract on Mosquito Larvae Research question: What are the effects of medicinal plants like Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and Azadirachta indica (neem) extract on the mortality of Culex larvae? ABSTRACT The effect of Neem and Tulsi on mosquito larvae. The project is aimed at finding natural pesticides or bio-pesticides that effectively control the mosquito population by killing mosquito larvae. They could be used as alternatives to the current pesticides used that have adverse effects on the environment and other species besides the target pest. Mosquitoes are hosts for a very large number of diseases and therefore keeping larvae under control and disallowing the emergence of adult mosquitoes is essential. Two plant extracts have been tested; Neem and Tulsi. The initial hypothesis was that both extracts would have some effect on the larval development and cause mortality in the larvae due to the properties of both plants. The secondary initial hypothesis was that Neem extract would be significantly more effective in killing the larvae than Tulsi at the same percentage. Concentrations of 1% to 10% of each extract were prepared and 10 trials each performed with 10 larvae were undertak en. The samples were checked on after 12 hours and once again after 24 hours and the number of larvae killed in each case was recorded. The results were conclusive and both extracts were very effective at killing larvae at 10% with Neem killing an average of 10 larvae out of 10 and Tulsi 9.6  ± 0.52. However t-values showed that the initial hypothesis stating that Neem would be more effective at all concentrations was incorrect and only 2%, 9% and 10% were significantly more effective in 24 hours with t values of 3.13, 2.92 and 2.43 respectively (> table value of 2.10). This means that in 2%, 9% and 10% concentrations, Neem should be used instead of Tulsi as it is significantly better. This is all very exciting as environmentally safer pesticides can be developed from these two plant extracts. 1. Introduction Research question: What are the effects of medicinal plants like Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and Azadirachta indica (neem) extract on the mortality of Culex larvae? The conservative pesticides are augmented to combat complicated pest problems in mosquitoes. In human health during the past few decades these pesticides played an important role in the inhibition of diseases caused by mosquitoes either by inactivating or killing these mosquitoes. Later on when these pesticides are getting accumulated in the environment proved to be hazardous to the environment and mankind. Frequent application of synthetic organic insecticides resulted into pest resistance and outbreak. Most of the insecticidal compound falls within four main classes namely organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. Out of these the major classes of insecticides, the insecticides used in present situation are organophosphates and carbamates. There are problems of pesticides resistance and negative impacts on non-target organisms including man and the environment.[1] Environment problems due to the insecticides and pesticides such as destruction of beneficial organisms, non-target pest, some of the pesticide residues in the host plant resulting in stunted grow or killing other organisms have come to an end. This work is basically taken up by some of the herbal plants. These herbal plants possess some of the active ingredients which are eco-friendly but simultaneously have a severe effect on the mosquito populations.[2] Medicinal plants are the most promising source and under extensive trails for their biological activity against various mosquito larvae. During the last 10 to 15 years, interest in botanical insecticides has increased to look for substitutions for synthetic insecticides with those based on naturally occurring substances. The use of botanicals in pest management is not only useful for suppression of pest population but also helps to maintain the sound ecological balance.[3] BOTANICALS IN USE The groups of plant possessing insecticidal substances are enormous. More than 2400 species of the plants in India possess insecticidal properties3. In the middle of the 17th century, most of the economically important natural plant compounds obtained from the plants like neem, tulsi, adathoda, chrysanthemum, turmeric, garlic, tridax etc. are used in commercial insect control. Despite the relative safety of the well-known botanical insecticides, most of these substances have their drawback hindering large-scale application. The chemicals obtained from these plants are unstable in the sunlight and are rapidly metabolized thus limiting their potency and application.[4] Botanical insecticides break down readily in soil and are not stored in animal and plant tissue. Often their effects are not as long lasting as those of synthetic insecticides and some of these products may be very difficult to find. The plant parts used for extraction or assay were the leaves, roots, tubers, fruits, seeds, flowers, the whole plant, bark, sap, pods and wood. The most commonly utilized parts were the leaves, roots. The plant families Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae contain most of the insecticidal plant species reported. Recently several other plants viz. Neem, Adathoda, Chrysanthemum, Turmeric, Onion, Garlic, Ocimum, Ginger and some other plants have been reported as insecticidal plants which can be used in insecticide preparation. The leaf extracts of Tulsi (Ocimum basilicum, O. sanctum) and vetiver (Vetivera zizanoides) are useful in controlling leaf miners in potato, beans, eggplant, tomato, chilies, etc. Some of the plants having herbal insecticide princip les are presented on table. Source of Plant Nature of action Chemical Group Plant parts Azadirachta indica Contact poison Azadirachtin Leaves, seed Ocimum sanctum Contact, Repellent Tulsin Leaves Chrysanthemum Contact, Repellent Pyrethrin I Flower, seed Tridax procumbens Contact poison Flower Zingiber officinale Repellent zingiberene Rhizome Among all the important insecticidal plants, Neem (Azadirachta indica) is the most promising source of bio-pesticide and its various formulations are extensively used for pest control.[5] Neem leaves, stems, seeds and oil have been used for pest control in sericulture.[6] The limonoids present in it and its products have made it a harmless to mankind while functioning as insecticide, bactericide, fungicide, pesticide etc. It is likely to provide a solution to many of pest and disease problem in sericulture.[7] Generally, extracts of plant leaves or seed are prepared and sprayed; otherwise, seeds are dried under sunshade, powdered finely and applied as dust. More than 20 Neem based biopesticides are available in the market (Table 3). Neem gets biodegraded in a matter of weeks when exposed to sunlight or in soil. Neem products are highly photodegradable and normally degrade within a week. No problem of development of pest resistance and resurgence has been reported from neem products. Hence they have characteristics suitable for IPM strategy. Much of the informations are available on insecticidal properties of plants having some sort of toxic property against insects. The plant parts to be used should be removable: leaves, flowers or fruit and harvesting should not mean destruction of the plant. Azadirachta indica: Neem is perhaps the most well known of all herbs and has been used in ayurveda in India for centuries. The active ingredient in Azadirachta indica (neem) is azadirachtin. It a member of the Meliaceae family and is a botanical cousin of mahogany. Neem is very hard and virile. Neem is especially useful due to its climatic tolerance that allows it to be grown all over the world though it is usually found in tropical regions. It has insecticidal, antifeedant, growth regulating and development-modifying properties and has properties that make it attractive in insect control. It reduces fecundity and longevity as well as increased development time of immature insects. On insects it has been shown to act as a growth retardant and cause molting disorders, change of behavior and morphogenetic defects. Mosquito control is essential as they act as carriers for malaria, filariasis and a host of other diseases as well as being a nuisance. There is a high demand for a less environmentally harmful insecticide as the ones currently used have high neurotoxic effects. Recent studies have also demonstrated neem-induced effects on vitellogenesis and severe degeneration of follicle cells during oogenesis in mosquitoes. It also has several medical properties such as a cure blood morbidity, biliary afflictions, itching, skin ulcers, burning sensations and pthysis. It is also an effective cure against ringworm, eczema and scabies. In English the tree is known as margosa and attains a maximum height of 40 to 50 metres. Ocimum Sanctum: Tulsi is an aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family. Tulsi has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda due to its diverse healing properties. Tulsis extracts are used in ayurvedic remedies for common colds, headaches, stomach disorders, inflammation, heart disease, various forms of poisoning, and malaria. Traditionally, tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf, or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora Tulsi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics, and is widely used in skin preparations due to its anti-bacterial activity. For centuries, the dried leaves of Tulsi have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects.[8] These plants in harmonious integration with other safe methods of pest control like biological control can provide eco-friendly and economically viable solutions for pest problems in near future. ADVANTAGES Plants producing the compounds having insect growth regulators (IGR), feeding deterrents, repellents and confusants activities are known by the farmer because most of the time they grow in the same general area. Some of these products may be these products act very quickly inhibiting insect feeding even though long term they do not cause insect death. Since most of these products have a stomach action and are rapidly decomposed they may be more selective to insect pests and less aggressive with natural enemies. Most of these compounds are not phytotoxic and have rapid action and low toxicity to mammals and plants. Resistance to these compounds is not developed as quickly as with synthetic insecticides. DISADVANTAGES Most of these products are not truly insecticides since many are merely insect deterrents and their effect is slow. They are rapidly degraded by UV light so that their residual action is short and breakdown is rapid, requiring more precise timing of and/or more frequent application. Not all plant insecticides are less toxic to other animals than the synthetic ones. They are not necessarily available and sometimes cost is more. Most of them have no established residue tolerances and there is lack of test data and sometimes lack of state registration of some materials. There are no legal registrations establishing their use. Not all recommendations followed by growers have been scientifically verified. The above statements are altered if you find anything that can be added or deleted you can do it. Insects adapt themselves to aquatic habitats inspite of their terrestrial origin. The aquatic and semi-aquatic insects are remarkable for their diversity of forms, reflecting adaptation to a wide variety of niches such as salt water pools, saline ponds, hot springs, high mountain lakes, large rivers, temporary and permanent ponds. Mosquitoes are known as vectors of the pathogens causing human diseases. They belong to the order Diptera; the true flies. Like all flies they have two wings but unlike other flies they have scales and the females have sucking proboscis. There are over 2500 species of mosquitoes. Culex mosquitoes are known to be painful and persistent biters and are a nuisance. The reason why I chose this topic is because the pesticides that are currently used in pest control contain chemicals that have diverse side effects on the environment and organisms other than the target pest. I decided to use natural substances found in nature and see if they would work as a form of pest control instead. I have used two extracts; Neem and Tulsi, in order to see which one was more effective in killing these mosquitoes. Neem, Tulsi and eucalyptus have been used as they are prevalent in the tropical and sub-tropical countries of Africa and Asia with a large mosquito population and there have been significant prospects of being used as an insecticide on a commercial scale due to their useful properties. Aim: In early literature mentioned above it was noted that the mosquitoes inhibit both temporary and fresh water stagnant bodies and they are found in abundance causing nuisance to the human population. The aim of the present study was undertaken on the following aspects 1. To determine the number of Culex larvae killed in 12 hours and 24 hours using different plant extracts like Neem and Tulsi in crude form. 2. To determine the number of Culex larvae killed in 12 hours and 24 hours by Neem and Tulsi under various concentrations (1%-10%). 3. To determine the statistical analysis t tests were performed. 2. Materials and Method 2.1. Materials / Equipments 250 ml beaker, Mortar and pestle, Pipette, Stirrer, Water, Fishing net (for catching larvae), Dropper, Watch glass, Petri dishes. Culex larvae: For the present study, the larvae of Culex mosquitoes were used throughout the investigation. These larvae were chosen because they were most abundant in the water bodies which are very active fast wriggling movement. The Culex larvae were collected from stagnant water bodies at Varthur Lake in Bangalore (fig.1) using a hand net. They were transported in plastic buckets containing clean water to the lab. Larvae were categorized based on their size as large and small. The large sized Culex larvae were about 0.7 cm and the small sized Culex larvae measured about 0.2cm in length. For the present study I have used only large sized larvae (3rd and 4th instars stage). Medicinal plants used as extracts: Botanical name Common name Medical Purposes Part of plant used Ocimum sanctum Tulsi Used to treat digestive problems Young leaves Azadirachta indica Neem Kills pathogens. Used to cure skin ailments. Young leaves Preparation of Stock solution: Azadirachta indica: [Neem] I collected neem leaves from my school campus. Only young leaves were collected and dried in the absence of sunlight in the shady region. The complete method of preparing 10% stock solution of this plant extract is mentioned below. 10 grams of dried young leaves were then grinded using mortar and pestle along with methanol and dried. Then add 100 ml of distilled water to make out 10% stock solution. Then the 10% neem stock solution was decanted after centrifugation. Now from this 10% stock solution different concentration solutions in percentage were prepared [ranging from 1% 10%] i.e., 10ml of 10% stock solution in 90ml of distilled water gives 1%, 20ml of 10% stock solution in 80ml of distilled water will give 2%, 30ml of 10% stock solution in 70ml of distilled water will give 3%, 40ml of 10% stock solution in 60ml of distilled water will give 4%, 50ml of 10% stock solution in 50ml of distilled water will give 5%, 60ml of 10% stock solution in 40ml of distilled water will give 6%, 70ml of 10% stock solution in 30ml of distilled water will give 7%, 80ml of 10% stock solution in 20ml of distilled water will give 8%, 90ml of 10% stock solution in 10ml of distilled water will give 9%, and for 10% the stock solution itself was used. Ocimum sanctum: [Tulsi] I collected Tulsi leaves from my school campus. Only young leaves were collected and dried in the absence of sunlight in the shady region. The complete method of preparing 10% stock solution and the different concentration of this plant extracts in percentage was done by same method as mentioned above in Neem. 2.2. Method / Procedure Mortality of larvae using crude plant extracts: 1. The large sized Culex larvae were taken in the petridishes. 2. 5 ml of crude plant extracts of neem and tulsi were taken in the different test tubes. 3. 10 larvae were introduced in each test tube at the same time. 4. Ten trails were carried out for the two different plant extract. 5. The number of larvae killed was recorded for 1hr, 12hr and 24 hr. 6. Larvae were feed with dog biscuit powder. 7. Comparative analysis was carried out graphically between the two plant extracts at different time period. Mortality of larvae using different concentration of plant extracts: 1. The large sized Culex larvae were collected and separated in the petri dishes. 2. 5 ml of 1% Neem extract was pipetted in the test tube using a graduated pipette. 3. 10 Culex larvae were introduced and the time was noted. 4. Ten trials were carried out at the same time for different concentration. 5. The larval mortality was recorded for 12 hours and 24 hours. 6. The same procedure was followed for different concentrations [2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% 10%] of the Neem extract. 7. During this experiment the larvae was feed with dog biscuits in powdered form. 8. The above mentioned procedure was also carried out using Tulsi plant extract. 9. A comparative study of larval mortality was made by using these two plants extract on the Culex mosquito larvae. The percentage of mortality (which will give us an indication of the effectiveness of the extract) will be calculated using the following formula. Percentage of mortality = Number of dead larvaeNumber of larvae introduced X 100 2.3. Variables Dependant variable- Number of larvae killed Independent variable-Different concentration of neem extract and tulsi extract, different time period [1hr, 12 hrs, 24 hrs] Controlled variable-Number of larvae, Volume of water, Temperature, food 2.4. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 Null Hypothesis (Ho): Neem and Tulsi have no significant the mortality of the Culex larvae. Positive hypothesis (H1): Neem and Tulsi have a significant effect on the mortality of the Culex larvae. Hypothesis 2 Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference in the rate of mortality between Neem and Tulsi plant extracts. Positive Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in the rate of mortality between Neem and Tulsi plant extracts. 3. Results 5.1 Mortality of larvae using crude plant extracts The Culex larvae were exposed to different plant extracts in crude form to study the mortality rate. The number of Culex larvae killed was recorded after 1 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours separately (Table 1). In one hour the mean number of larvae killed by Neem was 4.9 ±0.74 and for Tulsi it was 3.5 ±1.08. As time progresses the difference in effectiveness becomes less and the two extracts are approximately equal. The crude extract of Neem was more effective than Tulsi in one hour duration. At 12 hours the mean number of mosquitoes killed were 9.2 ±1.14 and 8 ±1.05 respectively. At 24 hours the Neem and Tulsi extracts showed almost the same level of effectiveness with mean values of 10 and 9.7 ±0.48 respectively. The crude form of Neem extract was significantly more effective than Tulsi in killing the Culex larvae in 1 hour and 12 hours. However in 24 hours there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of Neem and Tulsi plant extracts. 5.2 Mortality of larvae using different concentration of plant extracts: 5.2.1. Neem: The mortality of the larvae using different concentrations of Neem extract was recorded. At 1% concentration the mean number of larvae killed was noted to be 2.4  ± 0.52 in 12 hours and 3.5  ± 0.53 in 24 hours. At 10% concentration the highest mortality rate was recorded as 9.6  ± 0.52 and 10 for 12 hours and 24 hours respectively. As the concentration of the Neem extract increased, the mortality of the larvae also steadily increased (Table 2). 5.2.2. Tulsi: The mortality of the mosquitoes for Tulsi extract was recorded in the same way as Neem. At 1% concentration the mean number of larvae killed was noted to be 1.8  ± 0.63 in 12 hours and 3  ± 0.67 in 24 hours. At 10% concentration the highest mortality rate was recorded as 8.7  ± 0.67 and 9.6  ± 0.52 for 12 hours and 24 hours respectively. As the concentration of the Tulsi extract increased, the mortality of the larvae also steadily increased (Table 3). Table 1 : Mortality of larvae using crude plant extract Trail s No. of larvae killed 1 hour 12 hours 24 hours Neem Tulsi Neem Tulsi Neem Tulsi 1 5 2 10 9 10 10 2 4 3 10 6 10 9 3 5 5 7 7 10 10 4 6 4 10 8 10 10 5 4 3 8 7 10 9 6 5 4 10 9 10 10 7 6 4 9 8 10 10 8 4 5 10 9 10 10 9 5 3 8 9 10 10 10 5 2 10 8 10 9 Mean  ± S.D 4.9 ±0.74 3.5 ±1.08 9.2 ±1.14 8 ±1.05 10 ±0 9.7 ±0.48 T- test 3.38 2.45 1.96 Calculations T value= Degree of freedom = 20 -2 = 18 Level of significance= 0.05 Table t value = 2.10 Neem and Tulsi in 1 hour Calculated T value= 4.9- 3.5 / √(0.74)2 + (1.08)2 /10 = 3.38 Neem and Tulsi in 12 hours Calculated T value = 2.45 Neem and Tulsi in 24 hours Calculated T value = 1.96 Graph Showing the mortality of larvae using crude plant extract Table 2 Mortality of larvae using different concentration of Neem extracts S. No. Different concentration of Neem extract [%] Mean No. of larvae killed 12 hours 24 hours 1 1% 2.4  ± 0.52 3.5  ± 0.53 2 2% 3.2  ± 0.63 4.3  ± 0.48 3 3% 3.9  ± 0.57 5  ± 0.67 4 4% 4.6  ± 0.7 5.9  ± 0.74 5 5% 5.3  ± 0.67 6.4  ± 0.7 6 6% 5.8  ± 0.42 7  ± 0.67 7 7% 6.5  ± 0.85 7.5  ± 0.53 8 8% 7.4  ± 0.52 8.6  ± 0.7 9 9% 8.6  ± 0.84 9.8  ± 0.42 10 10% 9.6  ± 0.52 10 Graph Showing the mortality of larvae using Neem plant extract Table 3 Mortality of larvae using different concentration of Tulsi extracts S. No. Different Concentrations of Tulsi Extract Mean No. of larvae Killed 12 hours 24 hours 1 1% 1.8  ± 0.63 3  ± 0.67 2 2% 2.6  ± 0.7 3.6  ± 0.52 3 3% 3.3  ± 0.67 4.4  ± 0.7 4 4% 4.1  ± 0.74 5.3  ± 0.82 5 5% 4.8  ± 0.79 5.8  ± 0.79 6 6% 5.4  ± 0.52 6.7  ± 0.48 7 7% 6.2  ± 0.79 7.4  ± 0.7 8 8% 7  ± 0.67 8.1  ± 0.57 9 9% 7.9  ± 0.57 9.1  ± 0.63 10 10% 8.7  ± 0.67 9.6  ± 0.52 Graph Showing the mortality of larvae using Tulsi plant extract Table showing the comparative mean mortality of the larvae using Tulsi and Neem extracts Different Concentrations Mean No. of larvae Killed in 12 hours Mean No. of larvae Killed in 24 hours Tusli Neem Tulsi Neem 1% 1.8  ± 0.63 2.4  ± 0.52 3  ± 0.67 3.5  ± 0.53 2% 2.6  ± 0.7 3.2  ± 0.63 3.6  ± 0.52 4.3  ± 0.48 3% 3.3  ± 0.67 3.9  ± 0.57 4.4  ± 0.7 5  ± 0.67 4% 4.1  ± 0.74 4.6  ± 0.7 5.3  ± 0.82 5.9  ± 0.74 5% 4.8  ± 0.79 5.3  ± 0.67 5.8  ± 0.79 6.4  ± 0.7 6% 5.4  ± 0.52 5.8  ± 0.42 6.7  ± 0.48 7  ± 0.67 7% 6.2  ± 0.79 6.5  ± 0.85 7.4  ± 0.7 7.5  ± 0.53 8% 7  ± 0.67 7.4  ± 0.52 8.1  ± 0.57 8.6  ± 0.7 9% 7.9  ± 0.57 8.6  ± 0.84 9.1  ± 0.63 9.8  ± 0.42 10% 8.7  ± 0.67 9.6  ± 0.52 9.6  ± 0.52 10 Graph comparing number of larvae killed using both plant extracts in 12 hours Graph comparing number of larvae killed using both plant extracts in 24 hours T Values at Different concentrations of Neem and Tulsi extract Concentration of Neem and Tulsi Calculated t value in 12 hours Calculated t value in 24 hours 1% 2.32 1.85 2% 2.14 3.13 3% 2.16 1.96 4% 1.55 1.72 5% 1.53 1.80 6% 1.89 1.15 7% 0.82 0.36 8% 1.49 1.75 9% 2.18 2.92 10% 3.36 2.43 4. Discussion A t-test was performed for the values obtained for the comparison of the crude extracts. The t-test values for crude Neem and Tulsi extracts are effective if seeing if Neem is significantly more effective than Tulsi in a certain time period. The calculated t value for 1 hour is 3.38. This is higher than the table t value of 2.10. Hence in 1 hour Neem is significantly more effective in killing larvae. In 12 hours the calculated t value is 2.45 and therefore we can draw the same conclusion. However in 24 hours the calculated t value in 1.96 and thus there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of Neem and Tulsi. By this point it is evident that, as far as Hypothesis 1 is concerned, that both Neem and Tulsi are effective in killing mosquito larvae. With regard to the crude extract we can say that in 1 and 12 hour periods, Neem is more significantly more effective but not in 24 hours (Hypothesis 2). T-tests were also performed to compare the significant difference in mortality of Neem and Tulsi extracts at different concentrations. Separate t-tests were performed for 12 hours and 24 hours. As seen in the tables above the t-values are significant in 12 hours for 1%, 2% and 3%. They are significant as at these concentrations the calculated t values are greater than the table t value of 2.10. It is also observed in 9% and 10% concentrations in 12 hours. In 24 hours significance is observed in 2%, 9% and 10%. What these means is that for these concentrations in their respective time periods, Neem is significantly more effective than Tulsi in killing larvae. The main effect that Azadirachta indica has on larvae is the growth regulatory effect. It is because of this property that Neem acts as an excellent natural insecticide. Exposure of culex larvae to sub lethal doses prolongs the larval development and causes reduced pupal weight and oviposition. Neem works by intervening at several stages of the insects life. The ingredients present in Neem are approximately the same shape and structure of vital hormones for the insects. The larvae absorb these Neem compounds as if they were real hormones which blocks their endocrine systems. This leaves the insects so sonfused in brain and body that they cease to reproduce and thus the population plummets. Tulsi extract exhibits high mortality, especially during the molting process. The molting of larvae takes place under the influence of the ventral nerve cord neurosecretory cells. These cells release the tanning hormone. The extract may have an inhibiting effect on such cells. They may also act on epidermal cells that produce enzymes necessary for the circular oxidation process. Both plant extracts affect reproduction and inhibit the emergence of adult mosquitoes from their larvae. They also decrease the feeding time for larvae and cause less food to be ingested. This has been noted to cause a fall in the carbohydrate levels of the larvae. A study noted that the extracts cause the amount of DNA and RNA in the larvae to fall thus suggesting that the extracts may affect nucleic acid synthesis. The feeding in the larvae may have decreased due to indigestion caused by the plant extracts as they inhibit metabolic processes. [9] Both Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica are available easily and in large quantities. They do not require professional handling, are inexpensive and safe which makes them very valuable as pesticides. Additionally Tulsi has properties that enable it to disinfect water. The extracts could help replace harmful pesticides used such as DDT as they are safe for non target animals and do not pose residue problems but are still effective in killing larvae and suppressing the adult mosquito population. In conclusion further effort should be taken to produce bio-pesticides from Neem or Tulsi as well as research to find other plants products that may be more ideal. UV rays may affect the Neem and Tulsi extracts thus making them ineffective so research should be done in order to find plant products that do not degrade in the presence of sunlight thus making them completely versatile. 5. Summary * The findings have important implications in the practical control of mosquito larvae, especially, in a polluted aquatic environment. * Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica are the two plants out of which the extracts were prepared. * Solutions of concentrations varying from 1% to 10% were prepared from the stock solution for each plant. * Each concentration was tested on 10 larvae. 10 trials were undertaken and the results were noted. * Both plants were deemed effective as far as larval mortality in concerned. Neem extract had a slightly higher mortality rate. 6. Bibliography (Singh et al. 2000, 2004). Pest management in sericulture (2000), Properties and potential of natural pesticide against sericulture pests. Publ. Zool. Soc. India. pp. 200-206 (Singh and Saratchandra, 2002). An Integrated approach in pest management in sericulture, Int. J . Indust. Entomol. 5, 141-151 (Baskaran and Narayanswamy, 1995) Traditional pest control. Caterpillar Publications. Tamil Nadu, India. (Casida, 1983). Development of synthetic insectide from natu ral products. Case History of pyrethroids from pyrethrins. (Schmutterer, 1990). Properties and potential of natural pesticide from Neem tree. Ann. Re

Rutherford B. Hayes Essays -- essays research papers

	 Rutherford B. Hayes was considered by many to be a simple, uncontroversial, and honest man to run for the presidency. That is why many people are perplexed that such an astute person should have one of the most controversial elections and presidencies ever. Considering Hayes’ honorable principles, it came as a surprise to see how he could unknowingly make a decision about reconstruction where its effects were so blatantly derogatory to the cause he was trying to help. 	The controversy began when he was merely running for office. Hayes was running against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. When the ballots were tallied in 1876, Hayes clearly lost the popular vote, and had lost the electoral vote 184 to 165 . However, twenty votes in Oregon, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were disputed due to the protest that blacks were not given the equal chance to go to the polls and vote. Congress created and electoral commission, which carefully decided that Hayes would receive all twenty votes. Facing the possibility that the country would be left without a president, both parties were considering taking the office by force. In spite of all the conflict, a deal was finally struck. Republicans made a secret deal with Democrats in congress, who agreed not to dispute the Hayes victory in exchange for a promise to withdraw federal troops from the south and end reconstruction . Hayes made good on the deal. He swiftly ended Reconstruction and pulled federal t roops out of the last two occupied states, South Carolina and Louisiana . During the brief period of radical reconstruction the negro enjoyed both civil and political rights. 	This political bargain contained three generally recognized parts: 1) The north would keep hands off the ‘negro problem’. 2) The rules governing race relations in the South would be written by whites. 3) These rules would concede the negro limited civil rights, but neither social nor political equality (page 787) . It is clear, however, that by 1876-77, a majority of white Americans were weary of continuing to battle southern retaliation to the reconstruction, especially when there appeared some possibility that the South was ready to give more than lip service to the rights promised by the Civil War Amendments. This bargain quickly caused an uproar by its opponents. Democrat William Clay said, "Instead of withdrawing... ...et out his southern policy very clearly. He wanted to eliminate political acts of violence against blacks. He insisted, and believed, that white southerners would adhere to the tenets of the Civil War Amendments. He insisted that the federal government had a responsibility to provide aid for education and public improvements. He also believed it was essential that honest government by educated citizens be restored in the south. His theory was that this kind of government could be achieved by insuring that blacks get an education so they can participate intelligently in the elections. His ideal of having educated blacks was quite strong. Hayes said, "securing peace, prosperity, and the protection of human rights require education. As long as any considerable numbers of our countrymen are uneducated, the citizenship of every American in every state is impaired". There are many proofs that President Hayes had good intentions when making the policy to end reconstruction. His goal was to help the black man gain and maintain civil rights. Although he couldn’t foresee at the time, ending reconstruction was a decision that rapidly decelerated the black man’s race for equality.

Murder Rationale in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment Essay -- Crime P

Murder Rationale in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment Feodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment is a murder mystery unlike most murder mysteries. In this novel the reader knows "who done it"; the mystery lies in why the murder is committed. Throughout the story, Raskolnikov gives three main reasons why he kills Alena Ivanovna. Although these reasons seem unrelated on a superficial level, there is truth in all of them. What's more, each one builds on its predecessor. Raskolnikov's first two reasons are scrutinized by Sonya one at a time as his solitary motive for murder. These reasons are then disproved on their own, leaving one ultimate motive that essentially encompasses the other two. As readers, we sometimes tend to want a direct explanation for events that have occurred. Dostoevsky gives us explanations, but they are not direct and can be confusing if we are looking for an obvious cause and effect relationship. Crime and Punishment imitates life in that the happenings do not always fit in nice neat categories. Perhaps this is one of the elements that make it such an intriguing and acclaimed novel. Raskolnikov's first reason for murdering the pawn broker is to help himself. He claims he wanted the money. He states in his confession to Sonya, "It was to rob her" (348). It is obvious that he needed money for school. Also, if he had the money to put himself through school, his mother would not have to scrimp and borrow from others to help her son. Since the death of his father, Raskolnikov's mother and sister are greatly dependent upon him to make something of himself. His mother says in a letter to him, "You are all we have, Dunya and I, you are everything to us, our only hope and trust" (25). In this same letter, his mo... ... commoners. His last reason was accepted as his ultimate motive; "Sonya understood that this gloomy creed had become his faith and his law" (353). Raskolnikov himself does not really know why he is committing murder when the murder is taking place. It is a discovery of self and of a theory that was not yet developed. He uses excuses for his reasoning in the beginning, saying that he needs the money, and, later, that he is performing a service for the greater good. These excuses are necessary and fundamental steps of Raskolnikov's journey into self-discovery. It is human nature to rationalize, which is what he is doing. Ironically, this very need for rationalization and excuse is what fails him in his quest for proof of his superiority. Work Cited Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. Goerge Gibian. New York: Norton, 1989.

History of Punishment Essays -- Code of Hummurabi

The history of punishment began around the time of when the Code of Hammurabi was written. The death penalty was awarded for crimes of kidnapping, thievery, selling or taking stolen goods, etc. There are many punishments that were used in the world which have been abolished. For example, many nations have abolished capital punishment which follows all around anything dealing with the death penalty. Michigan was the first state to abolish the death penalty later followed by Rhode Island and Wisconsin. In the 2nd century during the Qin Dynasty of China rules were changed by enforcing strict laws. For punishment they used the nine familial extermination as punishment. The nine familial extermination was one of the most brutal and cruelest execution method used in China. It was basically when nine people from the accused’s family were executed. By the end of the 2nd century tenants of Jewish laws had 3 purposes. One of them was to make sure the criminal was punished for his actions. Punishments such as banishment, fines and imprisonment were given at this time. In the third century a punishment called Damnatio ad bestias was further introduced. Damnatio bestias was a punishment used for entertainment. â€Æ' In the 5th century the Roman law of the Twelve Tables contained the death penalty. Most people were executed by hanging or beheading for crimes against the church. Crucifixion was a punishment used in 6th century BCE, but was later abolished in the Roman Empire in 337 CE. It was when your arms were tied or nailed to a cross while the cross was tied and nailed to a pole. The person’s feet were a block of wood so their hands wouldn’t tear. Their feet were nailed to the cross. This is also known as Jesus Christ’s death. .. ... circumstances in 1998. Moving on to the 21st century, in 2001 there were 3048 prisoners executed in 31 countries. Most of them took place in Iran, Saudi Arabia, U.S. and China. China executes more people than any other country on Earth. In 2004, the death penalty was restored as a punishment. Later in the U.S. the death penalty support which was at 65% used to be at 74%. Also, it is said that 51% believe the death penalty isn’t used often enough. The history of punishment has been changed many times throughout the centuries. Capital punishment is trying to be banished today. Cruel and illegal executions are still going on just to get confessions before sentences were passed. Works Cited †¢ http://www.wcprg.org/History.pdf †¢ http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/timeline.htm †¢ http://www.smashinglists.com/unusual-methods-of-capital-punishment/2/

‘Of Mice and Men’ shows how factors beyond the characters’ control prevent them from leading fulfilling lives Essay

John Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set, and was written in the time of The Great Depression, 1929. During The Great Depression there were as many as fifteen million people, in the United States of America alone, left unemployed and with no way to feed their families. The Great Depression was caused by the Wall Street crash. The Wall Street Crash, when stocks and shares plummeted, resulted in America as a world trading country loosing gargantuan amounts money due to the many of the large companies of America going bankrupt. Because the companies went bankrupt they could no longer afford to pay any workers, this meant that they lost their jobs. Even the farms in the country could not stay running because of the Dust Bowl effect, this is when there is prolonged drought and the earth becomes like dust, entirely unsuitable to grow anything in. With a vast amount of the nation unemployed, people were desperately searching for work, simply in order to survive. When the idea came about that people could go and work the land in California, people jumped at the chance despite the appalling pay. The cruel thing is that the employers in California had paid their original workers more than they paid the migrant workers, and the migrant workers only worked because they were so desperate. The employers took advantage of their situation for their own benefit. It was very much every man for himself in that time, though in this novel there is an exception, Lennie and George, who for Steinbeck are the stereotypical migrant workers. I believe George to be living a fulfilled life within the dream he shares with Lennie and, later on in the novel Candy: the popular American dream of the period, to own a piece of land and be entirely self-sufficient from that land. The reason I think this is because George is constantly saying things such as â€Å"we’ll do her†, â€Å"we’ll fix up that little old place an’ we’ll go live there†, this shows that they are living in metaphoric clouds (their dream), a far nicer place than reality, Lennie and George seam to be willing to live through anything just to achieve it. The fact that George lives for a dream, one that he truly didn’t believe would happen, â€Å"Jesus Christ! I bet we could swing her!† this also shows that now George actually believes in himself it will happen, George would have no reason to dream if he was content in reality. Whilst living a content life inside the sanction of his dream, it is clear that he is not content in reality otherwise he would have no cause to dream of a better place. Another reason for George not being content could be that he had been burdened with Lennie all of his life and thus not been able to live his own life and be his own person, George says to Lennie in the novel that he could have a much better life without Lennie â€Å"When I think of the swell time I could have without you, I go nuts. I never get no peace†. This shows that even George feels Lennie as burden some of the time, if he felt this all of the time he could just get rid of Lennie, but he doesn’t. I believe Lennie feels much the same as George in that he lives for the dream also, whenever Lennie is uncomfortable with his surroundings in any way he will ask George to tell the story of the dream to him so that he can escape reality into his imagination, as if in fact the dream is where he wants to be. â€Å"Tell about the house George† Lennie begs.† â€Å"An’ the rabbits†. George has told Lennie that he can tend to the rabbits in their house, because Lennie is very simple this sense of responsibility and his fetish for soft things (the rabbits) provides the perfect attraction for Lennie to the Dream. Because Lennie also has to dream of a better place shows that his life is not being fulfilled on the ranch. If this was not evidence enough Lennie even says â€Å"George, I don’t like it here George†¦Ã¢â‚¬  clearly showing that he does not want to be there. The only woman on the ranch, Curley’s wife, also I believe lives an unfulfilled life because firstly all she is known as throughout the novel is â€Å"Curley’s wife†, making he sound like a possession of Curley’s. This says a lot about the period in which this novel was written, women were treated as inferior beings at this time, and I personally find it hard to see how you could live a fulfilled life when you are being put down constantly. The men on the ranch also have very dim views on her such as George’s opinion of her, â€Å"I don’t care what she says and what she does. I seen ’em poison before, but I never seen no piece of jailbait worse than her†, not only does this starve her for attention it puts her down also. â€Å"Curley’s wife also has a dream, a dream of becoming famous, as she tells Lennie â€Å"He was gonna put me in the movies†, showing that she cannot be content in reality either. Curley’s wife is naturally seeking attention because she has married a man who she hardly ever sees and no one is willing to talk to her: â€Å"Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely†, and she believes she should be â€Å"†¦ in the movies†, a place where you will always be in the ‘spotlight’ so to speak, quite the opposite to how she is being treated on the ranch. Candy is the ‘crippled swamper’ on the ranch, and is only able to do menial jobs around the ranch; this offers him no real fulfilment. Despite this Candy’s life amounts to the work he does on the ranch and his dog, these are all he lives for â€Å"When they can me here I wisht somebody’d shoot me.† As time progresses Candy realises that he has not got long left and with his dog, a huge part of his life having just been killed out of sympathy, he asks to join George and Lennie’s dream instead of his life being over once he has been told to leave the ranch â€Å"S’pose I went in with you guys†. In wishing somebody would shoot him when he was told to leave the ranch shows that Candy fears for his future and where he has to go to when he is told to leave. To live your life in fear of your future, not knowing where you are going, not having control of you own life cannot be a very secure and pleasant mental environment to live in; Can dy therefore can’t have a very fulfilled life. Curley is a successful welterweight boxer, but unfortunately didn’t quite make it to the top, instead he is stuck on his father’s ranch, a place where he doesn’t always get the respect/fear he craves, so he has to be rude and hostile in his talking â€Å"Well, nex’ time you answer when you’re spoke to†. This shows that Curley is not living the life he wants to live, thus making his life unfulfilled. Curley has a huge problem with intimidation, meaning bigger people intimidate him easily. He is also obsessed with power and authority: â€Å"Curley’s like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys†, and on a ranch full of large men, he does not always have the security he wants. Curley is in a loveless marriage despite what he thinks he feels for his wife, she refuses to pay him the same attention: â€Å"he ain’t a nice fella†. Curley does not have his life going his way at all, he is stuck living somewhere he does not want to be, without the power he wants and with people he does not like; his father’s ranch. On top of this, he is in a marriage where the only ‘love’ is on his behalf. This all leads me to the conclusion that Curley does not a have a fulfilled life. Crooks is a black stable buck in the novel, and during this time black people were regarded as inferior beings, this leaves Crooks open to much discrimination. Using Crooks as a stereotype, Steinbeck tries to show the relationship between black and white people in America in the 1930’s. Throughout the novel, Crooks is treated with great disrespect, for example he is constantly being referred to as a â€Å"God damn nigger†. Crooks also gets segregated from the rest of the workers, this makes him incredibly lonely, we can tell this from a touching extract between Lennie and Crooks â€Å"Crooks says gently, ‘Maybe you can see now. You got George. You know he’s goin’ to come back. S’pose you didn’t have nobody. S’pose you couldn’t go into the bunk-house and play rummy ’cause you was black. How’d you like that?† Crooks is insulted countless times every single day of his life, the name â€Å"nigger† is used such as the term ‘mate’ is used today, so without meaning to insult Crooks people did it every time they chose to speak to him. Every time when Crooks elevates himself above his usual status by making the odd chance comment or voicing his opinion, he is simply thrown back down to the ground. For example Crooks began to introduce his opinion into a conversation and was quite bluntly told by Curley’s wife, â€Å"you keep your place, then Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny†. I find it near impossible to even think that Crooks could lead a fulfilled life when he is treated like a dirty animal, and his thoughts or feelings are considered worthless. My thoughts are that Slim is the only main character in the whole novel that possibly leads a fulfilled life. Unlike Crooks, Slim is paid much respect by all of the other workers. Candy refers to Slim as â€Å"Hell of a nice fella†, and comments are also made about people’s reactions when he speaks, â€Å"all talk stopped when he spoke†. This gives Slim a sense of belonging and importance. Slim is a highly skilled worker and the ranch would not be the same without him, and he knows this, so do the other workers on the ranch, â€Å"He’s capable of driving ten, sixteen even twenty mules with a single line to the leaders†. It is comments and views such as these which make Slim feel needed. Slim is favoured by all on the ranch, perhaps especially by Crooks and Curley’s wife as he treats them without any prejudice or discriminative views. For example, Slim is very polite and actually pays a compliment to Curley’s wife â€Å"Hi, Good-lookin '†. Throughout the novel, Slim does not mention any other life that he might prefer, nor does he show any evidence of him having a dream, this shows that he must be reasonably content with his life on the ranch as he has no cause to dream. I believe Slim to be the only main character in the novel to live a fulfilled life because he is clearly respected by all members of the ranch and very much favoured by them. Slim has security and he is also very independent, because of everyone’s admiration he also feels good in himself, Slim must have a great sense of fulfilment in his life. In a time where everyone had to make the most of what they had, only one person in this novel has succeeded, and that in my eyes would be Slim. It was a ‘dog eat dog world’ during the Great Depression and Slim manages to rise above all of the bad things that have happened to him due to it. He manages to lift himself up above everyone else who were stuck in the rut of their own self pity, he manipulated the situation and uses it to his advantage. He took the wrong things in the other peoples lives and offered solutions for example he gave George someone to talk to, or the fact that he was polite to those who were treated like dirt, this made people like and respect him which is what drove him on inspite or the Depression.